Dissection vs AxP Anatomy: Peroneus Longus & Brevis (L)

Compare dissection anatomy and soft tissue therapy anatomy: The left-sided peroneus longus & brevis evert the “frontal ankle,” are single-complex muscles, have one single-complex synergist, two single-complex antagonists, one multi-complex synergists, and three multi-complex antagonist.

Written by

Willem Kramer

Published on

June 19, 2025

Anatomy by Planes

FRONTAL ANKLE COMPLEX (F3)

Plane
Frontal plane.

Complex 
Frontal ankle, F3.

Joints
Talocalcenal joint.
Transverse tarsal joints.

Motions
15 - 50 degrees eversion.
25 - 70 degrees inversion.

Dermatomes
T11 - S2.

Indirect Motion
None.

Reciprocal Relationships
Frontal hip, F5.
Frontal knee, F4. #
Frontal ankle, F3.
Frontal lesser toes, F2. #
Frontal big toe, F1. #

# passive complex

LEFT-SIDE PERONEUS LONGUS & BREVIS

Motion
Eversion (and abduction).

Muscles
Peroneus longus & brevis.

Single-Complex
Ankle.

Depth of Muscle
Level 1, just under the skin. The peroneus brevis is, with exception of its longitudinal posterior half, located deep to the longus.

Single-Complex Synergists (1)
Peroneus tertius.

Single-Complex Antagonists (2)
Tibialis anterior.
Tibialis posterior.

Multi-Complex Synergists (1)
Extensor digitorum longus.

Multi-Complex Antagonists (3)
Extensor hallucis longus.
Flexor digitorum longus.
Flexor hallucis longus.

Traditional Anatomy

Proximal attachments
The peroneus longus connects with the lateral upper half of the fibula, the anterior and posterior internuscular septa of the leg, and the fascia cruris. The peroneus brevis connects with the lateral, lower two-thirds of the fibula, as well as the anterior and posterior intermuscular septa.

Distal attachment
The peroneus longus connects with the plantar posterolateral surface of the medial cuneiform and the lateral surface of the base of the first metatarsal. The peroneus brevis connects with the lateral surface of the base of the fifth metatarsal.

Location
The muscles are located on the outside of the leg. Their tendons pass behind the lateral malleolus, the longus tendon covering that of the brevis. On the outside of the foot, the tendons are secured by two peroneal retinaculae. From here, the longus tendon passes into the foot deep to the plantar fascia, foot muscles, and long plantar ligament. The brevis tendon continues over the lateral foot for a short while.

Innervation
Superficial peroneal nerve. The peroneus longus sometimes receives branches from the common peroneal or deep peroneal nerves.

Vascular Supply
Anterior tibial artery and peroneal artery.

Motion
Eversion.
Plantar flexion.

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Author

Willem is a Netherlands-educated physiotherapist and a US-licensed massage therapist with over thirty years of experience working with professional athletes, entertainers, and executives. He presents a unique approach that questions the reliance on dissection anatomy in the education of soft-tissue therapists. Willem advocates for a holistic understanding of the body, emphasizing that all organ systems are interconnected and interdependent. His insights offer both practitioners and enthusiasts a fresh perspective on musculoskeletal health.

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